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CISA, FBI Issue Alert Over Rising Interlock Ransomware Attacks on Critical Infrastructure

 

The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) have raised an alarm over an increase in ransomware activity linked to the Interlock gang. The advisory, released on Tuesday in collaboration with the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Multi-State Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MS-ISAC), warns that the group is actively targeting businesses and critical infrastructure in double extortion attacks.

The alert includes indicators of compromise (IOCs) gathered from recent investigations—some as recent as June 2025—and outlines protective measures for network defenders.

Emerging in September 2024, Interlock is a relatively new but rapidly growing ransomware operation. It has launched attacks across various global sectors, with a particular focus on healthcare. The gang has previously been connected to ClickFix intrusions, where they impersonated IT utilities to breach networks, and to malware campaigns using a remote access trojan (RAT) known as NodeSnake, particularly affecting U.K. universities.

The group recently claimed responsibility for cyberattacks on DaVita, a Fortune 500 kidney care company, leaking 1.5 terabytes of stolen data, and Kettering Health, a major healthcare provider with over 120 outpatient locations and more than 15,000 employees.

According to the FBI, the Interlock gang has been observed using unusual methods to infiltrate systems.

"FBI observed actors obtaining initial access via drive-by download from compromised legitimate websites, which is an uncommon method among ransomware groups," the advisory notes.

The gang uses a double extortion model—first stealing and then encrypting victims’ data—forcing organizations to pay not just to restore systems but also to prevent public data leaks.

Episource Healthcare Data Breach Exposes Personal Data of 5.4 Million Americans

 

In early 2025, a cyberattack targeting healthcare technology provider Episource compromised the personal and medical data of over 5.4 million individuals in the United States. Though not widely known to the public, Episource plays a critical role in the healthcare ecosystem by offering medical coding, risk adjustment, and data analytics services to major providers. This makes it a lucrative target for hackers seeking access to vast troves of sensitive information. 

The breach took place between January 27 and February 6. During this time, attackers infiltrated the company’s systems and extracted confidential data, including names, addresses, contact details, Social Security numbers, insurance information, Medicaid IDs, and medical records. Fortunately, no banking or payment card information was exposed in the incident. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported the breach’s impact affected over 5.4 million people. 

What makes this breach particularly concerning is that many of those affected likely had no direct relationship with Episource, as the company operates in the background of the healthcare system. Its partnerships with insurers and providers mean it routinely processes massive volumes of personal data, leaving millions exposed when its security infrastructure fails. 

Episource responded to the breach by notifying law enforcement, launching an internal investigation, and hiring third-party cybersecurity experts. In April, the company began sending out physical letters to affected individuals explaining what data may have been exposed and offering free credit monitoring and identity restoration services through IDX. These notifications are being issued by traditional mail rather than email, in keeping with standard procedures for health-related data breaches. 

The long-term implications of this incident go beyond individual identity theft. The nature of the data stolen — particularly medical and insurance records combined with Social Security numbers — makes those affected highly vulnerable to fraud and phishing schemes. With full profiles of patients in hand, cybercriminals can carry out advanced impersonation attacks, file false insurance claims, or apply for loans in someone else’s name. 

This breach underscores the growing need for stronger cybersecurity across the healthcare industry, especially among third-party service providers. While Episource is offering identity protection to affected users, individuals must remain cautious by monitoring accounts, being wary of unknown communications, and considering a credit freeze as a precaution. As attacks on healthcare entities become more frequent, robust data security is no longer optional — it’s essential for maintaining public trust and protecting sensitive personal information.

Kettering Health Ransomware Attack Linked to Interlock Group

 

Kettering Health, a prominent healthcare network based in Ohio, is still grappling with the aftermath of a disruptive ransomware attack that forced the organization to shut down its computer systems. The cyberattack, which occurred in mid-May 2025, affected operations across its hospitals, clinics, and medical centers. Now, two weeks later, the ransomware gang Interlock has officially taken responsibility for the breach, claiming to have exfiltrated more than 940 gigabytes of data.  

Interlock, an emerging cybercriminal group active since September 2024, has increasingly focused on targeting U.S.-based healthcare providers. When CNN first reported on the incident on May 20, Interlock had not yet confirmed its role, suggesting that ransom negotiations may have been in progress. With the group now openly taking credit and releasing some of the stolen data on its dark web site, it appears those negotiations either failed or stalled. 

Kettering Health has maintained a firm position that they are against paying ransoms. John Weimer, senior vice president of emergency operations, previously stated that no ransom had been paid. Despite this, the data breach appears extensive. Information shared by Interlock indicates that sensitive files were accessed, including private patient records and internal documents. Patient information such as names, identification numbers, medical histories, medications, and mental health notes were among the compromised data. 

The breach also impacted employee data, with files from shared network drives also exposed. One particularly concerning element involves files tied to Kettering Health’s in-house police department. Some documents reportedly include background checks, polygraph results, and personally identifiable details of law enforcement staff—raising serious privacy and safety concerns. In a recent public update, Kettering Health announced a key development in its recovery process. 

The organization confirmed it had restored core functionalities of its electronic health record (EHR) system, which is provided by healthcare technology firm Epic. Officials described this restoration as a significant step toward resuming normal operations, allowing teams to access patient records, coordinate care, and communicate effectively across departments once again. The full scope of the breach and the long-term consequences for affected individuals still remains uncertain. 

Meanwhile, Kettering Health has yet to comment on whether Interlock’s claims are fully accurate. The healthcare system is working closely with cybersecurity professionals and law enforcement agencies to assess the extent of the intrusion and prevent further damage.

Unimed AI Chatbot Exposes Millions of Patient Messages in Major Data Leak

 

iA significant data exposure involving Unimed, one of the world’s largest healthcare cooperatives, has come to light after cybersecurity researchers discovered an unsecured database containing millions of sensitive patient-doctor communications.

The discovery was made by cybersecurity experts at Cybernews, who traced the breach to an unprotected Kafka instance. According to their findings, the exposed logs were generated from patient interactions with “Sara,” Unimed’s AI-driven chatbot, as well as conversations with actual healthcare professionals.

Researchers revealed that they intercepted more than 140,000 messages, although logs suggest that over 14 million communications may have been exchanged through the chat system.

“The leak is very sensitive as it exposed confidential medical information. Attackers could exploit the leaked details for discrimination and targeted hate crimes, as well as more standard cybercrime such as identity theft, medical and financial fraud, phishing, and scams,” said Cybernews researchers.

The compromised data included uploaded images and documents, full names, contact details such as phone numbers and email addresses, message content, and Unimed card numbers.

Experts warn that this trove of personal data, when processed using advanced tools like Large Language Models (LLMs), could be weaponized to build in-depth patient profiles. These could then be used to orchestrate highly convincing phishing attacks and fraud schemes.

Fortunately, the exposed system was secured after Cybernews alerted Unimed. The organization issued a statement confirming it had resolved the issue:

“Unimed do Brasil informs that it has investigated an isolated incident, identified in March 2025, and promptly resolved, with no evidence, so far, of any leakage of sensitive data from clients, cooperative physicians, or healthcare professionals,” the notification email stated. “An in-depth investigation remains ongoing.”

Healthcare cooperatives like Unimed are nonprofit entities owned by their members, aimed at delivering accessible healthcare services. This incident raises fresh concerns over data security in an increasingly AI-integrated medical landscape.

AI is Accelerating India's Healthtech Revolution, but Data Privacy Concerns Loom Large

 

India’s healthcare, infrastructure, is undergoing a remarkable digital transformation, driven by emerging technologies like artificialintelligence (AI), machinelearning, and bigdata. These advancements are not only enhancing accessibility and efficiency but also setting the foundation for a more equitable health system. According to the WorldEconomicForum (WEF), AI is poised to account for 30% of new drug discoveries by 2025 — a major leap for the pharmaceutical industry.

As outlined in the Global Outlook and Forecast 2025–2030, the market for AI in drugdiscovery is projected to grow from $1.72 billion in 2024 to $8.53 billion by 2030, clocking a CAGR of 30.59%. Major tech players like IBMWatson, NVIDIA, and GoogleDeepMind are partnering with pharmaceutical firms to fast-track AI-led breakthroughs.

Beyond R&D, AI is transforming clinical workflows by digitising patientrecords and decentralising models to improve diagnostic precision while protecting privacy.

During an interview with AnalyticsIndiaMagazine (AIM), Rajan Kashyap, Assistant Professor at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), shared insights into the government’s push toward innovation: “Increasing the number of seats in medical and paramedical courses, implementing mandatory rural health services, and developing Indigenous low-cost MRI machines are contributing significantly to hardware development in the AI innovation cycle.”

Tech-Driven Healthcare Innovation

Kashyap pointed to major initiatives like the GenomeIndia project, cVEDA, and the AyushmanBharatDigitalMission as critical steps toward advancing India’s clinical research capabilities. He added that initiatives in genomics, AI, and ML are already improving clinicaloutcomes and streamlining operations.

He also spotlighted BrainSightAI, a Bengaluru-based startup that raised $5 million in a Pre-Series A round to scale its diagnostic tools for neurological conditions. The company aims to expand across Tier 1 and 2 cities and pursue FDA certification to access global healthcaremarkets.

Another innovator, Niramai Health Analytics, offers an AI-based breast cancer screening solution. Their product, Thermalytix, is a portable, radiationfree, and cost-effective screening device that is compatible with all age groups and breast densities.

Meanwhile, biopharma giant Biocon is leveraging AI in biosimilar development. Their work in predictivemodelling is reducing formulation failures and expediting regulatory approvals. One of their standout contributions is Semglee, the world’s first interchangeablebiosimilar insulin, now made accessible through their tie-up with ErisLifesciences.

Rising R&D costs have pushed pharma companies to adopt AI solutions for innovation and costefficiency.

Data Security Still a Grey Zone

While innovation is flourishing, there are pressing concerns around dataprivacy. A report by Netskope Threat Labs highlighted that doctors are increasingly uploading sensitive patient information to unregulated platforms like ChatGPT and Gemini.

Kashyap expressed serious concerns about lax data practices:

“During my professional experience at AI labs abroad, I observed that organisations enforced strict data protection regulations and mandatory training programs…The use of public AI tools like ChatGPT or Gemini was strictly prohibited, with no exceptions or shortcuts allowed.”

He added that anonymised data is still vulnerable to hacking or reidentification. Studies show that even brainscans like MRIs could potentially reveal personal or financial information.

“I strongly advocate for strict adherence to protected data-sharing protocols when handling clinical information. In today’s landscape of data warfare, where numerous companies face legal action for breaching data privacy norms, protecting health data is no less critical than protecting national security,” he warned.

Policy Direction and Regulatory Needs

The Netskope report recommends implementing approved GenAI tools in healthcare to reduce “shadow AI” usage and enhance security. It also urges deploying datalossprevention (DLP) policies to regulate what kind of data can be shared on generative AI platforms.

Although the usage of personal GenAI tools has declined — from 87% to 71% in one year — risks remain.

Kashyap commented on the pace of India’s regulatory approach:

“India is still in the process of formulating a comprehensive data protection framework. While the pace may seem slow, India’s approach has traditionally been organic, carefully evolving with consideration for its unique context.”

He also pushed for developing interdisciplinary medtech programs that integrate AIeducation into medicaltraining.

“Misinformation and fake news pose a significant threat to progress. In a recent R&D project I was involved in, public participation was disrupted due to the spread of misleading information. It’s crucial that legal mechanisms are in place to counteract such disruptions, ensuring that innovation is not undermined by false narratives,” he concluded.

Ascension Faces New Security Incident Involving External Vendor

 


There has been an official disclosure from Ascension Healthcare, one of the largest non-profit healthcare systems in the United States, that there has been a data breach involving patient information due to a cybersecurity incident linked to a former business partner. Ascension, which has already faced mounting scrutiny for its data protection practices, is facing another significant cybersecurity challenge with this latest breach, proving the company's commitment to security.

According to the health system, the recently disclosed incident resulted in the compromise of personal identifiable information (PII), including protected health information (PHI) of the patient. A cyberattack took place in December 2024 that was reported to have stolen data from a former business partner, a breach that was not reported publicly until now. This was the second major ransomware attack that Ascension faced since May of 2024, when critical systems were taken offline as a result of a major ransomware attack. 

A breach earlier this year affected approximately six million patients and resulted in widespread disruptions of operations. It caused ambulance diversions in a number of regions, postponements of elective procedures, and temporary halts of access to essential healthcare services in several of these regions. As a result of such incidents recurring repeatedly within the healthcare sector, concerns have been raised about the security posture of third-party vendors and also about the potential risks to patient privacy and continuity of care that can arise. 

According to Ascension's statement, the organisation is taking additional steps to evaluate and strengthen its cybersecurity infrastructure, including the relationship with external software and partner providers. The hospital chain, which operates 105 hospitals in 16 states and Washington, D.C., informed the public that the compromised data was "likely stolen" after being inadvertently disclosed to the third-party vendor, which, subsequently, experienced a breach as a result of an external software vulnerability. 

In a statement issued by Ascension Healthcare System, it was reported that the healthcare system first became aware of a potential security incident on December 5, 2024. In response to the discovery of the breach, the organisation initiated a thorough internal investigation to assess the extent of the breach. An investigation revealed that patient data had been unintentionally shared with an ex-business partner, who then became the victim of a cybersecurity attack as a result of the data being shared. 

In the end, it appeared that the breach was caused by a vulnerability in third-party software used by the vendor. As a result of the analysis concluded in January 2025, it was determined that some of the information disclosed had likely been exfiltrated during this attack. 

In spite of Ascension failing to disclose the specific types of data that were impacted by the attack, the organization did acknowledge that multiple care sites in Alabama, Michigan, Indiana, Tennessee, and Texas have been affected by the attack. In a statement released by Ascension, the company stressed that it continues to collaborate with cybersecurity experts and legal counsel to better understand the impact of the breach and to inform affected individuals as necessary. 

In addition, the company has indicated that in the future it will take additional steps to improve data sharing practices as well as third party risk management protocols. There is additional information released by Ascension that indicates that the threat actors who are suspected of perpetrating the December 2024 incident likely gained access to and exfiltrated sensitive medical and personal information. 

There are several types of compromised information in this file, including demographics, Social Security numbers, clinical records, and details about visits such as names of physicians, names, diagnoses, medical record numbers, and insurance provider details. Although Ascension has not provided a comprehensive estimate of how many people were affected nationwide, the organization did inform Texas state officials that 114,692 people were affected by the breach here in Texas alone, which was the number of individuals affected by the breach. 

The healthcare system has still not confirmed whether this incident is related to the ransomware attack that occurred in May 2024 across a number of states and affected multiple facilities. It has been reported that Ascension Health's operations have been severely disrupted since May, resulting in ambulances being diverted, manual documentation being used instead of electronic records, and non-urgent care being postponed. 

It took several weeks for the organization to recover from the attack, and the cybersecurity vulnerabilities in its digital infrastructure were revealed during the process. In addition to revealing that 5,599,699 individuals' personal and health-related data were stolen in the attack, Ascension later confirmed this information. 

Only seven of the system's 25,000 servers were accessed by the ransomware group responsible, but millions of records were still compromised. The healthcare and insurance industries continue to be plagued by data breaches. It has been reported this week that a data breach involving 4,052,972 individuals, resulting from a cyberattack in February 2024, has affected 4,052,972 individuals, according to a separate incident reported by VeriSource Services, a company that manages employee administration. 

A number of these incidents highlight the growing threat that organisations dealing with sensitive personal and medical data are facing. Apparently, the December 2024 breach involving Ascension's systems and networks was not caused by an internal compromise of its electronic health records, but was caused by an external attack. Neither the health system nor the former business partner with whom the patient information was disclosed has been publicly identified, nor has the health system identified the particular third-party software vulnerability exploited by the attackers.

Ascension has also recently announced two separate third-party security incidents that are separate from this one. A notice was posted by the organisation on April 14, 2025, concerning a breach that took place involving Scharnhorst Ast Kennard Gryphon, a law firm based in Missouri. The organisation reported that SAKG had detected suspicious activity on August 1, 2024, and an investigation later revealed that there had been unauthorised access between the 17th and the 6th of August 2024. 

Several individuals affiliated with the Ascension health system were notified by SAKG on February 14, 2025, about the breach. In that incident, there were compromised records including names, phone numbers, date of birth and death, Social Security numbers, driver's license numbers, racial data, and information related to medical treatment. 

A number of media inquiries have been received regarding the broader scope of the incident, including whether or not other clients were affected by the breach, as well as how many individuals were affected in total. Separately, Ascension announced another data security incident on March 3, 2025 that involved Access Telecare, a third-party provider of telehealth services in the area of Ascension Seton in Texas. 

As with previous breaches, the Ascension Corporation clarified that the breach did not compromise its internal systems or electronic health records, a report filed with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights (HHS OCR) confirmed on March 8, 2025, that Access Telecare had experienced a breach of its email system, which was reported on March 8, 2025. It is estimated that approximately 62,700 individuals may have been affected by the breach. 

In light of these successive disclosures, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the healthcare ecosystem is at risk of third-party relationships, as organisations continue to face the threat of cybercriminals attempting to steal sensitive medical and personal information from the internet. As a response to the recent security breach involving a former business partner, Ascension has offered two years of complimentary identity protection services to those who have been affected. This company offers credit monitoring services, fraud consultations, identity theft restoration services, aimed at mitigating potential harm resulting from unauthorized access to personal and health information, including credit monitoring, fraud consultation, and identity theft restoration services. 

Even though Ascension has not provided any further technical details about the breach, the timeline and nature of the incident suggest that it may be related to the Clop ransomware group's widespread campaign against data theft. There was a campaign in late 2024 that exploited a zero-day security vulnerability in the Cleo secure file transfer software and targeted multiple organisations. The company has not officially confirmed any connection between the breach and the Clop group, and a spokesperson has not responded to BleepingComputer's request for comment. 

Ascension has not encountered any major cybersecurity incidents in the past, so it is not surprising that this is not the first time they have experienced one. According to Ascension Healthcare's official report from May 2024, approximately 5.6 million patients and employees were affected by a separate ransomware infection attributed to the Black Basta group of hackers. Several hospitals were adversely affected by a security breach that occurred due to the inadvertent download of a malicious file on a company device by an employee. 

A number of data sets were exposed as a result of that incident, including both personal and health-related information, illustrating how the healthcare industry faces ongoing risks due to both internal vulnerabilities and external cyber threats. Despite the ongoing threat of cybersecurity in the healthcare industry, the string of data breaches involving Ascension illustrates the need to be more vigilant and accountable when managing third-party relationships. 

Even in the case of uncompromised internal systems, vulnerabilities in external networks can still result in exposing sensitive patient information to significant risks, even in cases of uncompromised internal systems. To ensure that healthcare organisations are adequately able to manage vendor risk, implement strong data governance protocols, and implement proactive threat detection and response strategies, organisations need to prioritise robust vendor risk management. 

A growing number of regulatory bodies and industry leaders are beginning to realize that they may need to revisit standards that govern network sharing, third-party oversight, and breach disclosure in an effort to ensure the privacy of patients in the increasingly interconnected world of digital health.

Interlock Ransomware Gang Claims DaVita Cyberattack, Leaks Alleged Data Online

 

jThe Interlock ransomware group has taken credit for a recent cyberattack on DaVita, a leading U.S. kidney care provider. The group claims to have exfiltrated a significant amount of data, which it has now leaked on the dark web.

DaVita, a Fortune 500 company, operates over 2,600 dialysis centers across the U.S., employs around 76,000 people in 12 countries, and generates more than $12.8 billion in annual revenue. On April 12, the healthcare giant informed the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that it had been hit by a ransomware incident that disrupted some operations. At the time, the company said it was assessing the impact.

Earlier today, the Interlock group publicly listed DaVita as a victim on its data leak site (DLS) hosted on the dark web. The cybercriminals claim to have stolen approximately 1.5 terabytes of data, including around 700,000 files containing sensitive information—ranging from patient records and user account data to insurance documents and financial details.

The leaked files were released following what appears to be a failed negotiation between Interlock and DaVita. The authenticity of the exposed files has not been independently verified by BleepingComputer.

In response to the data leak, a DaVita spokesperson told BleepingComputer: "We are aware of the post on the dark web and are in the process of conducting a thorough review of the data involved."

"A full investigation regarding this incident is still underway. We are working as quickly as possible and will notify any affected parties and individuals, as appropriate."

"We are disappointed in these actions against the healthcare community and will continue to share helpful information with our vendors and partners to raise awareness on how to defend against these attacks in the future."

Patients who have received care at DaVita facilities are advised to remain alert for phishing attempts and report any suspicious activity to authorities.

Interlock emerged in the ransomware scene in September last year, primarily targeting Windows and FreeBSD systems. Unlike many groups, Interlock does not collaborate with affiliates but has demonstrated increasing activity and sophistication.

A recent report by cybersecurity firm Sekoia highlighted a shift in Interlock’s approach. The group is now using “ClickFix” techniques to deceive victims into deploying info-stealers and remote access trojans (RATs)—a method that paves the way for ransomware deployment.

Symantec Links Betruger Backdoor Malware to RansomHub Ransomware Attacks

 

A sophisticated custom backdoor malware called Betruger has been discovered in recent ransomware campaigns, with Symantec researchers linking its use to affiliates of the RansomHub ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS) group. The new malware is considered a rare and powerful tool designed to streamline ransomware deployment by minimizing the use of multiple hacking tools during attacks. 

Identified by Symantec’s Threat Hunter Team, Betruger is described as a “multi-function backdoor” built specifically to aid ransomware operations. Its functions go far beyond traditional malware. It is capable of keylogging, network scanning, privilege escalation, credential theft, taking screenshots, and uploading data to a command-and-control (C2) server—all typical actions carried out before a ransomware payload is executed. Symantec notes that while ransomware actors often rely on open-source or legitimate software like Mimikatz or Cobalt Strike to navigate compromised systems, Betruger marks a departure from this norm. 

The tool’s development suggests an effort to reduce detection risks by limiting the number of separate malicious components introduced during an attack. “The use of custom malware other than encrypting payloads is relatively unusual in ransomware attacks,” Symantec stated. “Betruger may have been developed to reduce the number of tools dropped on a network during the pre-encryption phase.” Threat actors are disguising the malware under file names like ‘mailer.exe’ and ‘turbomailer.exe’ to pose as legitimate mailing applications and evade suspicion. While custom malware isn’t new in ransomware operations, most existing tools focus on data exfiltration. 

Notable examples include BlackMatter’s Exmatter and BlackByte’s Exbyte, both created to steal data and upload it to cloud platforms like Mega.co.nz. However, Betruger represents a more all-in-one solution tailored for streamlined attack execution. The RansomHub RaaS operation, previously known as Cyclops and Knight, surfaced in early 2024 and has quickly become a major threat actor in the cybercrime world. Unlike traditional ransomware gangs, RansomHub has focused more on data theft and extortion rather than just data encryption. Since its emergence, RansomHub has claimed several high-profile victims including Halliburton, Christie’s auction house, Frontier Communications, Rite Aid, Kawasaki’s EU division, Planned Parenthood, and Bologna Football Club. 

The group also leaked Change Healthcare’s stolen data after the BlackCat/ALPHV ransomware group’s infamous $22 million exit scam. More recently, the gang claimed responsibility for breaching BayMark Health Services, North America’s largest addiction treatment provider. BayMark serves over 75,000 patients daily across more than 400 locations in the US and Canada. According to the FBI, as of August 2024, RansomHub affiliates have compromised over 200 organizations, many of which are part of critical infrastructure sectors such as government, healthcare, and energy. 

As ransomware groups evolve and adopt more custom-built malware like Betruger, cybersecurity experts warn that defenses must adapt to meet increasingly sophisticated threats.