Now, new research suggests that even if such weapons are broken into pieces, investigators may still be able to extract critical identifying details.
Researchers from Washington University in St. Louis, led by Netanel Raviv, have developed a system called Secure Information Embedding and Extraction (SIDE). Unlike earlier fingerprinting methods that stored printer IDs, timestamps, or location data directly into printed objects, SIDE is designed to withstand tampering.
Even if an object is deliberately smashed, the embedded information remains recoverable, giving investigators a powerful forensic tool.
The SIDE framework is built on earlier research presented at the 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, which introduced techniques for encoding data that could survive partial destruction. This new version adds enhanced security mechanisms, creating a more resilient system that could be integrated into 3D printers.
The approach does not rely on obvious markings but instead uses loss-tolerant mathematical embedding to hide identifying information within the material itself. As a result, even fragments of plastic or resin may contain enough data to help reconstruct its origin.
Such technology could help reduce the spread of ghost guns and make it more difficult for criminals to use 3D printing for illicit purposes.
However, the system also raises questions about regulation and personal freedom. If fingerprinting becomes mandatory, even hobbyist printers used for harmless projects may be subject to oversight. This balance between improving security and protecting privacy is likely to spark debate as governments consider regulation.
The potential uses of SIDE go far beyond weapons tracing. Any object created with a 3D printer could carry an invisible signature, allowing investigators to track timelines, production sources, and usage.
Combined with artificial intelligence tools for pattern recognition, this could give law enforcement powerful new forensic capabilities.
“This work opens up new ways to protect the public from the harmful aspects of 3D printing through a combination of mathematical contributions and new security mechanisms,” said Raviv, assistant professor of computer science and engineering at Washington University. He noted that while SIDE cannot guarantee protection against highly skilled attackers, it significantly raises the technical barriers for criminals seeking to avoid detection.
