Data wipers differ fundamentally from ransomware, which typically encrypts and steals data for extortion. Wipers are designed solely to destroy information by corrupting files, damaging disk partitions, or deleting master boot records in ways that prevent recovery. The resulting disruption can be severe, especially for critical Ukrainian institutions already strained by wartime pressures. Since Russia’s invasion, Ukraine has faced repeated wiper campaigns attributed to state-aligned actors, including PathWiper, HermeticWiper, CaddyWiper, WhisperGate, and IsaacWiper.
ESET’s report documents advanced persistent threat (APT) activity between April and September 2025 and highlights a notable escalation: targeted attacks against Ukraine’s grain sector. Grain exports remain one of the country’s essential revenue streams, and ESET notes that wiper attacks on this industry reflect an attempt to erode Ukraine’s economic resilience. The company reports that Sandworm deployed multiple variants of wiper malware during both June and September, striking organizations responsible for government operations, energy distribution, logistics networks, and grain production. While each of these sectors has faced previous sabotage attempts, direct attacks on the grain industry remain comparatively rare and underscore a growing focus on undermining Ukraine’s wartime economy.
Earlier, in April 2025, APT44 used two additional wipers—ZeroLot and Sting—against a Ukrainian university. Investigators discovered that Sting was executed through a Windows scheduled task named after the Hungarian dish goulash, a detail that illustrates the group’s use of deceptive operational techniques. ESET also found that initial access in several incidents was achieved by UAC-0099, a separate threat actor active since 2023, which then passed control to Sandworm for wiper deployment. UAC-0099 has consistently focused its intrusions on Ukrainian institutions, suggesting coordinated efforts between threat groups aligned with Russian interests.
Although Sandworm has recently engaged in more espionage-driven operations, ESET concludes that destructive attacks remain a persistent and ongoing part of the group’s strategy. The report further identifies cyber activity linked to Iranian interests, though not attributed to a specific Iranian threat group. These clusters involved the use of Go-based wipers derived from open-source code and targeted Israel’s energy and engineering sectors in June 2025. The tactics, techniques, and procedures align with those typically associated with Iranian state-aligned hackers, indicating a parallel rise in destructive cyber operations across regions affected by geopolitical tensions.
Defending against data-wiping attacks requires a combination of familiar but essential cybersecurity practices. Many of the same measures advised for ransomware—such as maintaining offline, immutable backups—are crucial because wipers aim to permanently destroy data rather than exploit it. Strong endpoint detection systems, modern intrusion prevention technologies, and consistent software patching can help prevent attackers from gaining a foothold in networks. As Ukraine continues to face sophisticated threats from state-backed actors, resilient cybersecurity defenses are increasingly vital for preserving both operational continuity and national stability.
