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Showing posts with label Linux. Show all posts
Windows
Browsers CyberCrime Cybersecurity Digital Data Digital Transformation Linux Linux Security macOS PC Privacy Software VPN Windows

Linux Distribution Designed for Seamless Anonymous Browsing



Despite the fact that operating systems like Windows and macOS continue to dominate the global market, Linux has gained a steady following among users who value privacy and security as well as cybersecurity professionals, thanks to its foundational principles: transparency, user control, and community-based development, which have made it so popular. 

Linux distributions—or distros—are open-source in contrast to proprietary systems, and their source code is freely available to anyone who wishes to check for security vulnerabilities independently. In this way, developers and ethical hackers around the world can contribute to the development of the platform by identifying flaws, making improvements, and ensuring that it remains secure against emerging threats by cultivating a culture of collective scrutiny.

In addition to its transparency, Linux also offers a significant degree of customisation, giving users a greater degree of control over everything from system behaviour to network settings, according to their specific privacy and security requirements. In addition to maintaining strong privacy commitments, most leading distributions explicitly state that their data will not be gathered or monetised in any way. 

Consequently, Linux has not only become an alternative operating system for those seeking digital autonomy in an increasingly surveillance-based, data-driven world, but is also a deliberate choice for those seeking digital autonomy. Throughout history, Linux distributions have been developed to serve a variety of user needs, ranging from multimedia production and software development to ethical hacking and network administration to general computing. 

With the advent of purpose-built distributions, Linux shows its flexibility, as each variant caters to a particular situation and is optimised for that specific task. However, not all distributions are confined to a single application. For example, ParrotOS Home Edition is designed with flexibility at its core, offering a balanced solution that caters to the privacy concerns of both individuals and everyday users. 

In the field of cybersecurity circles, ParrotOS Home Edition is a streamlined version of Parrot Security OS, widely referred to as ParrotSec. Despite the fact that it also shares the same sleek, security-oriented appearance, the Home Edition was designed to be used as a general-purpose computer while maintaining its emphasis on privacy in its core. 

As a consequence of omitting a comprehensive suite of penetration testing tools, the security edition is lighter and more accessible, while the privacy edition retains strong privacy-oriented features that make it more secure. The built-in tool AnonSurf, which allows users to anonymise their online activity with remarkable ease, is a standout feature in this regard. 

It has been proven that AnonSurf offers the same level of privacy as a VPN, as it disguises the IP address of the user and encrypts all data transmissions. There is no need for additional software or configuration; you can use it without installing anything new. By providing this integration, ParrotOS Home Edition is particularly attractive to users who are looking for secure, anonymous browsing right out of the box while also providing the flexibility and performance a user needs daily. 

There are many differences between Linux distributions and most commercial operating systems. For instance, Windows devices that arrive preinstalled with third-party software often arrive bloated, whereas Linux distributions emphasise performance, transparency, and autonomy in their distributions. 

When it comes to traditional Windows PCs, users are likely to be familiar with the frustrations associated with bundled applications, such as antivirus programs or proprietary browsers. There is no inherent harm in these additions, but they can impact system performance, clog up the user experience, and continuously remind users of promotions or subscription reminders. 

However, most Linux distributions adhere to a minimalistic and user-centric approach, which is what makes them so popular. It is important to note that open-source platforms are largely built around Free and Open Source Software (FOSS), which allows users to get a better understanding of the software running on their computers. 

Many distributions, like Ubuntu, even offer a “minimal installation” option, which includes only essential programs like a web browser and a simple text editor. In addition, users can create their own environment, installing only the tools they need, without having to deal with bloatware or intrusive third-party applications, so that they can build it from scratch. As far as user security and privacy are concerned, Linux is committed to going beyond the software choices. 

In most modern distributions, OpenVPN is natively supported by the operating system, allowing users to establish an encrypted connection using configuration files provided by their preferred VPN provider. Additionally, there are now many leading VPN providers, such as hide.me, which offer Linux-specific clients that make it easier for users to secure their online activity across different devices. The Linux installation process often provides robust options for disk encryption. 

LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) is typically used to implement Full Disk Encryption (FDE), which offers military-grade 256-bit AES encryption, for example, that safeguards data on a hard drive using military-grade 256-bit AES encryption. Most distributions also allow users to encrypt their home directories, making sure that the files they store on their computer, such as documents, downloads, and photos, remain safe even if another user gets access to them. 

There is a sophisticated security module called AppArmor built into many major distributions such as Ubuntu, Debian, and Arch Linux that plays a major part in the security mechanisms of Linux. Essentially, AppArmor enforces access control policies by defining a strict profile for each application. 

Thus, AppArmor limits the data and system resources that can be accessed by each program. Using this containment approach, you significantly reduce the risk of security breaches because even if malicious software is executed, it has very little chance of interacting with or compromising other components of the system.

In combination with these security layers,and the transparency of open-source software, Linux positioned itself as one of the most powerful operating systems for people who seek both performance and robust digital security. Linux has a distinct advantage over its proprietary counterparts, such as Windows and Mac OS, when it comes to security. 

There is a reason why Linux has earned a reputation as a highly secure mainstream operating system—not simply anecdotal—but it is due to its core architecture, open source nature, and well-established security protocols that it holds this reputation. There is no need to worry about security when it comes to Linux; unlike closed-source platforms that often conceal and are controlled solely by vendors, Linux implements a "security by design" philosophy with layered, transparent, and community-driven approaches to threat mitigation. 

Linux is known for its open-source codebase, which allows for the continual auditing, review, and improvement of the system by independent developers and security experts throughout the world. Through global collaboration, vulnerabilities can be identified and remedied much more rapidly than in proprietary systems, because of the speed with which they are identified and resolved. In contrast, platforms like Windows and macOS depend on "security through obscurity," by hiding their source code so malicious actors won't be able to take advantage of exploitable flaws. 

A lack of visibility, however, can also prevent independent researchers from identifying and reporting bugs before they are exploited, which may backfire on this method. By adopting a true open-source model for security, Linux is fostering an environment of proactive and resilient security, where accountability and collective vigilance play an important role in improving security. Linux has a strict user privilege model that is another critical component of its security posture. 

The Linux operating system enforces a principle known as the least privilege principle. The principle is different from Windows, where users often operate with administrative (admin) rights by default. In the default configuration, users are only granted the minimal permissions needed to fulfil their daily tasks, whereas full administrative access is restricted to a superuser. As a result of this design, malware and unapproved processes are inherently restricted from gaining system-wide control, resulting in a significant reduction in attack surface. 

It is also important to note that Linux has built in several security modules and safeguards to ensure that the system remains secure at the kernel level. SELinux and AppArmor, for instance, provide support for mandatory access controls and ensure that no matter how many vulnerabilities are exploited, the damage will be contained and compartmentalised regardless. 

It is also worth mentioning that many Linux distributions offer transparent disk encryption, secure boot options, and native support for secure network configurations, all of which strengthen data security and enhance online security. These features, taken together, demonstrate why Linux has been consistently favoured by privacy advocates, security professionals, and developers for years to come. 

There is no doubt in my mind that the flexibility of it, its transparency, and its robust security framework make it a compelling choice in an environment where digital threats are becoming increasingly complex and persistent. As we move into a digital age characterised by ubiquitous surveillance, aggressive data monetisation, and ever more sophisticated cyber threats, it becomes increasingly important to establish a secure and transparent computing foundation. 

There are several reasons why Linux presents a strategic and future-ready alternative to proprietary systems, including privacy-oriented distributions like ParrotOS. They provide users with granular control, robust configurability, and native anonymity tools that are rarely able to find in proprietary platforms. 

A migration to a Linux-based environment is more than just a technical upgrade for those who are concerned about security; it is a proactive attempt to protect their digital sovereignty. By adopting Linux, users are not simply changing their operating system; they are committing to a privacy-first paradigm, where the core objective is to maintain a high level of user autonomy, integrity, and trust throughout the entire process.

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Palo Alto Networks
Botnet Botnet attack cryptocurrency mining Cyber Attacks Evasion Tactics Linux Linux Malware Linux Security Linux Servers Malware attacks Palo Alto Palo Alto Networks

Palo Alto Detects New Prometei Botnet Attacks Targeting Linux Servers

Cybersecurity analysts from Palo Alto Networks’ Unit 42 have reported a resurgence of the Prometei botnet, now actively targeting Linux systems with new, upgraded variants as of March 2025. Originally discovered in 2020 when it was aimed at Windows machines, Prometei has since expanded its reach. 

Its Linux-based malware strain has been in circulation since late 2020, but recent versions—designated as 3.x and 4.x—demonstrate significant upgrades in their attack capabilities. The latest Prometei malware samples are equipped with remote control functionality, domain generation algorithms (DGA) to ensure connection with attacker-controlled servers, and self-updating systems that help them remain undetected. This renewed activity highlights the botnet’s growing sophistication and persistent threat across global networks. 

At its core, Prometei is designed to secretly mine Monero cryptocurrency, draining the resources of infected devices. However, it also engages in credential harvesting and can download additional malicious software depending on the attacker’s goals. Its modular framework allows individual components to carry out specific tasks, including brute-force attacks, vulnerability exploitation (such as EternalBlue and SMB bugs), mining operations, and data exfiltration. 

The malware is typically delivered via HTTP GET requests from rogue URLs like hxxp://103.41.204[.]104/k.php. Prometei uses 64-bit Linux ELF binaries that extract and execute payloads directly in memory. These binaries also carry embedded configuration data in a JSON format, containing fields such as encryption keys and tracking identifiers, making them harder to analyze and block. 

Once a system is compromised, the malware collects extensive hardware and software information—CPU details, OS version, system uptime—and sends this back to its command-and-control (C2) servers, including addresses like hxxp://152.36.128[.]18/cgi-bin/p.cgi. Thanks to DGA and self-update features, Prometei ensures consistent communication with attacker infrastructure and adapts to security responses on the fly.  

To defend against these threats, Palo Alto Networks advises using advanced detection tools such as Cortex XDR, WildFire, and their Advanced Threat Prevention platform. These technologies utilize real-time analytics and machine learning to identify and contain threats. Organizations facing a breach can also contact Palo Alto’s Unit 42 incident response team for expert help. 

The activity observed from March to April 2025 underlines the continued evolution of the Prometei botnet and the growing risk it poses to businesses relying on Linux environments. Strengthening cybersecurity protocols and remaining alert to new threats is essential in today’s threat landscape.
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Vulnerabilities and Exploits
Command Injection Linux Mirai botnet Netsecfish Vulnerabilities and Exploits

Mirai Botnet Variant is Building Swarm by Exploiting DVR Flaw

 

A command injection flaw in internet-connected digital video recorders used for CCTV monitoring is the target of a Mirai botnet malware variant, which allows hackers to take over the devices and add them to a botnet. 

Cybersecurity researchers at Russian cybersecurity firm Kaspersky discovered a CVE-2024-3721 exploit while analysing logs from their Linux honeypot system. The issue is a command injection vulnerability found in internet-connected digital video recorders used for CCTV surveillance. Further analysis revealed that the activity was related to a form of the Mirai botnet, which exploited this issue in TBK-manufactured DVR devices to compromise and control them. 

The vulnerability was initially discovered by security researcher "netsecfish" in April 2024. By adjusting parameters like mdb and mdc, the researcher released a proof-of-concept showing how a carefully designed post request to a specific URL can trigger shell command execution. Kaspersky confirmed that this precise technique is being utilised in the wild, with its Linux honeypots catching ongoing exploitation attempts linked to a Mirai botnet variant that uses netsecfish's proof-of-concept to compromise vulnerable DVRs. 

Nearly a decade ago, an anonymous source made the Mirai source code available online. It continues to act as the foundation for other evolving botnet efforts. The variant aimed at DVR systems expands on Mirai's initial foundation with extra features such as RC4-based string obfuscation, checks to avoid virtual machine environments, and anti-emulation methods. 

The exploit is used by the attackers to transmit a malicious ARM32 program to the target device, which then connects to a command-and-control server and joins the botnet. The infected device can be used to launch distributed denial-of-service attacks, forward malicious traffic, and engage in other malicious actions.

This Mirai variation uses a basic RC4 technique to decode its internal strings, with the decryption key disguised using XOR. After decryption, the strings are saved in a global list and used throughout runtime. To evade analysis, the virus runs anti-virtualization and anti-emulation checks on active processes for indicators of environments such as VMware or QEMU.

Last year, Netsecfish reported that around 114,000 DVR devices were vulnerable to CVE-2024-3721. Kaspersky estimates the figure to be closer to 50,000. The majority of infections associated with this Mirai variation are found in Brazil, Russia, Egypt, China, India, and Ukraine.
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worm
containers Cryptojacking Cybersecurity Dero Docker Golang Kaspersky Linux malware worm

New Self-Spreading Malware Hijacks Docker Servers to Secretly Mine Cryptocurrency

 

A newly uncovered malware campaign is exploiting unsecured Docker environments across the globe, silently enrolling them into a decentralized cryptojacking network that mines the privacy-focused cryptocurrency, Dero.

Cybersecurity firm Kaspersky reports that the attack initiates by targeting exposed Docker APIs on port 2375. Once compromised, the attacker deploys malicious containers and infects existing ones, using system resources to mine Dero and search for other vulnerable hosts — all without relying on a central command-and-control server.

For context, Docker is a platform that uses OS-level virtualization to run applications in lightweight units called containers.

The attackers utilize two implants developed in Golang: one dubbed “nginx,” mimicking the popular web server, and another called “cloud,” which is the actual mining software.

Once a system is breached, the “nginx” component continuously scans the internet for additional misconfigured Docker nodes, using tools like Masscan to identify targets and propagate infection through new containers.

“The entire campaign behaves like a zombie container outbreak,” researchers noted. “One infected node autonomously creates new zombies to mine Dero and spread further. No external control is needed — just more misconfigured Docker endpoints.”

To stay hidden, the malware encrypts crucial data like wallet addresses and Dero nodes, and disguises itself under file paths commonly used by legitimate system processes.

Kaspersky has linked the infrastructure — including the wallet and Dero node — to previous cryptojacking campaigns that targeted Kubernetes clusters in 2023 and 2024. This points to an evolved version of an existing threat rather than an entirely new operation.

What sets this campaign apart is its worm-like behavior and the lack of centralized coordination, making it especially difficult to detect and eliminate.

As of early May, more than 520 Docker APIs were found to be publicly exposed on port 2375 — each a potential victim of this growing malware network.
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Penetration Testing
Cyber Security Digital Forensics Ethical Hacking Kali Kali Pentesting Linux Linux Linux Security Penetration Testing

What Is Kali Linux? Everything You Need to Know

 

Kali Linux has become a cornerstone of cybersecurity, widely used by ethical hackers, penetration testers, and security professionals. This open-source Debian-based distribution is designed specifically for security testing and digital forensics. 

Recognized for its extensive toolset, it has been featured in popular culture, including the TV series Mr. Robot. Its accessibility and specialized features make it a preferred choice for those working in cybersecurity. The project originated as a successor to BackTrack Linux, developed by Offensive Security (OffSec) in 2013. 

Created by Mati Aharoni and Devon Kearns, Kali was designed to be a more refined, customizable, and scalable penetration testing platform. Unlike its predecessor, Kali adopted a rolling release model in 2016, ensuring continuous updates and seamless integration of the latest security tools. This model keeps the OS up to date with emerging cybersecurity threats and techniques. 

One of Kali Linux’s standout features is its extensive suite of security testing tools—approximately 600 in total—catering to various tasks, including network penetration testing, password cracking, vulnerability analysis, and digital forensics. The OS is also optimized for a wide range of hardware platforms, from traditional desktops and laptops to ARM-based systems like Raspberry Pi and even Android devices through Kali NetHunter. 

A key advantage of Kali is its built-in customization and ease of use. Unlike installing individual security tools on a standard Linux distribution, Kali provides a ready-to-use environment where everything is pre-configured. Additionally, it offers unique capabilities such as “Boot Nuke,” which enables secure data wiping, and containerized support for running older security tools that may no longer be maintained. 

Maintained and funded by Offensive Security, Kali Linux benefits from ongoing community contributions and industry support. The development team continuously enhances the system, addressing technical challenges like transitioning to updated architectures, improving multi-platform compatibility, and ensuring stability despite its rolling release model. 

The project also prioritizes accessibility for both seasoned professionals and newcomers, offering free educational resources like Kali Linux Revealed to help users get started. Looking ahead, Kali Linux’s roadmap remains dynamic, adapting to the fast-changing cybersecurity landscape. 

While core updates follow a structured quarterly release cycle, the development team quickly integrates new security tools, updates, and features as needed. With its strong foundation and community-driven approach, Kali Linux continues to evolve as an essential tool for cybersecurity professionals worldwide.
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Windows
data security LightSpy Linux Mac malware Windows

LightSpy Malware Attacks Users, Launches Over 100 Commands to Steal Data


Cybersecurity researchers at Hunt.io have found an updated version of LightSpy implant, a modular surveillance framework for data collection and extraction. Famous for attacking mobile devices initially, further enquiry revealed it can attack macOS, Windows, Linux, and routers. 

LightSpy has been executed in targeted attacks, it uses watering hole techniques and exploit-based delivery, coupled with an infrastructure that swiftly escapes detection. LightSpy was first reported in 2020, targeting users in Hong Kong.

History of LightSpy

LightSpy has been historically famous for attacking messaging apps like WeChat, Telegram, QQ, Line, and WhatsApp throughout different OS. According to ThreatFabric report, the framework can extract payment data from WeChat, remove contacts, wipe out messaging history, and alot of other things.

The compromised things include WiFi network details, iCloud Keychain, screenshots, location, browser history, photos, call history, and SMS texts.

Regarding server analysis, the LightSpy researcher said they "share similarities with prior malicious infrastructure but introduce notable differences in the command list."

Further, "the servers analyzed in this research As previously observed, the cmd_list endpoint is at /ujmfanncy76211/front_api. Another endpoint, command_list, also exists but requires authentication, preventing direct analysis."

LightSpy Capabilities

In 2024, ThreatFabric reported about an updated malware version that has destructive capability to stop compromised device from booting up, in addition to the number of supported plugins from 12 to 28.

Earlier research has disclosed potential overlaps between an Android malware called "DragonEgg" and LightSpy, showing the threat's cross-platform nature.

Hunt.io's recent analysis study of the malicious command-and-control (C2) infrastructure linked with the spyware has found support for more than 100 commands spread across iOS, macOS, Linux, routers, and Windows.

Expert insights

Commenting on the overall impact of the malware, Hunt.io experts believe “LightSpy's infrastructure reveals previously unreported components and administrative functionality.” However, the experts remain unsure if it symbolizes new growths or earlier versions not publicly reported. “Command set modifications and Windows-targeted plugins suggest that operators continue to refine their data collection and surveillance approach across multiple platforms,” concludes 

To stay safe, experts suggest users to:

Limit app permissions to avoid unwanted access to important data. “On Android, use Privacy Dashboard to review and revoke permissions; on iOS, enable App Privacy Reports to monitor background data access.”

Turn on advanced device security features that restrict the exploitability of devices. iOS users can enable Lockdown Mode and Android users can turn on Enhanced Google Play Protect and use protection features to identify and block suspicious activities. 

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Windows
BlackLock Cyber Attacks Linux Ransomware Windows

BlackLock Ransomware: The Fastest-Growing Cyber Threat and How to Stay Safe

 



Ransomware remains a major problem for businesses, and a new cybercriminal group is expanding at an alarming rate. Security researchers at ReliaQuest have identified BlackLock as the fastest-growing ransomware operation today, with its activity increasing by 1,425% since late 2024. Although it is currently the seventh most active ransomware group, experts predict it could become the biggest threat in 2025.  

Despite law enforcement cracking down on major ransomware gangs like LockBit in 2024, the number of cyberattacks continues to grow. A report from January 31 suggested ransomware incidents had risen by 15% compared to the previous year. However, a February 20 study by Symantec showed a slower increase of just 3%. No matter the rate, the takeaway is the same, ransomware remains a serious risk.  


How BlackLock Ransomware Operates  

BlackLock ransomware is designed to infect Windows, Linux, and VMware ESXi systems, making it a versatile and dangerous threat. Cybercriminals behind this operation have developed unique methods to pressure victims into paying ransom quickly.  


1. Blocking access to stolen data  

  • Ransomware groups often leak stolen information on dark web sites to force victims to pay.  
  • BlackLock makes it harder for victims and cybersecurity teams to access leaked data by blocking repeated download attempts.  
  • If someone tries to retrieve files too often, they either receive no response or only see empty files with contact details instead of real data.  
  • This tactic prevents companies from fully understanding what was stolen, increasing the likelihood of paying the ransom.  


2. Recruiting criminals to assist with attacks  

  • BlackLock actively hires "traffers," cybercriminals who help spread ransomware by tricking people into downloading malware.  
  • These traffers guide victims toward fake websites or malicious links that install ransomware.  
  • The group openly recruits low-level hackers on underground forums, while more skilled cybercriminals are privately contacted for higher-level roles.  


Steps to Protect Your Systems  

Security experts recommend taking immediate action to strengthen defenses, especially for companies using VMware ESXi servers. Here are some key steps:  

1. Turn off unnecessary services  

  • Disable unused features like vMotion and SNMP to reduce possible entry points for attackers.  

2. Strengthen security restrictions  

  •  Configure VMware ESXi hosts to only allow management through vCenter, making it harder for hackers to exploit weaknesses.  

3. Limit network access  

  •  Use firewalls and strict access controls to prevent unauthorized users from reaching sensitive systems.  

Additional recommendations include:  

1. Activating multi-factor authentication (MFA) to prevent unauthorized logins.  

2. Disabling Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) on systems that do not need remote access.  

The rapid rise of BlackLock ransomware shows that cybercriminals ar constantly developing new strategies to pressure victims and avoid detection. Organizations must take proactive steps to secure their networks and stay informed about emerging threats. Implementing strong security controls today can prevent costly cyberattacks in the future.

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Pumakit Rootkit
Cyberattacks CyberCrime Cyberhackers Cybersecurity Cyberthreats Linux LKM malware PT Pumakit Rootkit

Pumakit Rootkit Challenges Linux Security Systems

 


According to the researchers from the Elastic Security Lab, a new rootkit called PUMAKIT can perform various advanced evasion mechanisms. When Elastic Security researchers discovered PUMAKIT while routinely hunting for threats on VirusTotal, they described it as PUMAKIT. Many stages are involved in deploying this multi-stage malware, including a dropper, two memory-resident executables, an LKM rootkit module, and a shared object rootkit, all of which are used in the userland. 

To manipulate core system behaviours, the rootkit component can hook into 18 different syscalls and several kernel functions using an internal Linux function tracer (ftrace), which enables it to control the behaviour of core system components. The rootkit is an advanced persistent threat (APT) that tends to target critical organizations with specific programs designed to establish persistence within compromised systems.

The rootkit is often used by APT groups in their attempts to target critical organizations with specific programs. As a result of the discovery of this Linux rootkit malware called Pumakit, it can evade detection and compromise systems through advanced stealth and privilege escalation techniques. Several components make up this sophisticated malware, including a dropper, a memory-resident executable, kernel module rootkits, and userland rootkits. 

The Pumakit malware family was discovered by Elastic Security in a suspicious binary 'cron' uploaded to VirusTotal on September 4, 2024. The details surrounding its identity and target remain vague. There are a variety of rootkits like this that are commonly used by advanced threat actors to undermine critical infrastructure, steal money, disrupt operations, and infiltrate enterprise systems to conduct espionage. As a sophisticated piece of malware, PUMAKIT was discovered via routine threat detection on VirusTotal as part of routine threat hunting. 

Its binary contains strings embedded by the developer that can be easily identified and accessed by developers. There is an internal structure to the malware that is based on a multi-stage architecture, which comprises a dropper component named "cron", two memory-resident executables called TGT and WPN, an LKM rootkit called Pumba and a shared object rootkit called Kitsune that is bundled in with the malware. This payload allows for loading the LKM rootkit ('puma.ko') into the kernel as well as the userland rootkit ('Kitsune SO') to intercept system calls via the userland.  

A kernel function, such as "prepare_creds" and "commit_creds," can also be used to alter core system behaviour and achieve its objectives. It includes the use of the internal Linux function tracer (trace) to hook into as many as 18 different system calls and various kernel functions, such as "prepare_creds." and "commit_creds." In addition, Elastic noted that every step of the infection chain is designed to conceal the malware's presence, leveraging memory-resident files, and doing specific checks before unleashing the rootkit, which will make it difficult for the user to detect it before it is launched. 

As of right now, the company has not linked PUMAKIT to any known threat actor or group and believes that the software most likely originated from unknown sources. As you may know, PUMAKIT is a sophisticated and stealthy threat, which utilizes advanced techniques like syscall hooks, memory-resident execution, and unique methods for escalating privileges. According to the researchers, it is a multi-architectural malware that demonstrates the increasing sophistication of malware aimed at Linux. For IForthe LKM rootkit to be able to manipulate the behaviour of a system, it must use the syscall table, as well as kallsyms_lookup_name() to find symbol names. 

Rootkits targeting kernel versions 5.7 and above tend to use probes, which means they are designed for older kernels which makes them more difficult to detect than modern rootkits. There has been a debate within the kernel development team about the unsporting of the kallsyms_lookup_name() code to prevent unauthorized or malicious modules from misusing it. As part of this tactic, modules are often added with fake MODULE_LICENSE("GPL") declarations that circumvent license checks, thereby allowing them to access non-exported kernel functions, which is not permitted under the GPL.

A Linux rootkit known as PUMAKIT, or Pumakkit for short, has been discovered that underscores the sophistication with which Linux systems are being targeted by targeted threats. This malware is one of the most dangerous adversaries because it can evade detection and execute advanced attacks. In any case, proactive measures can reduce the harm caused by these threats by recommending regular updates and by increasing monitoring capabilities, among other measures. 

To defend against attacks like PUMAKIT being carried out by hackers like Kumak, it is crucial to remain informed and vigilant in the face of evolving cybersecurity threats. Users must take every precaution to ensure that their Linux systems are protected from this and other advanced malware threats.
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